Fig. 2
Baseline and end of diet…
References
Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6–10. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005. – DOI – PubMed
Sarchielli E, Comeglio P, Squecco R, et al. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Impairs Kisspeptin Signaling in Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Primary Neurons. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017;102(1):46–56. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2115. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Grossmann M. Hypogonadism and male obesity: focus on unresolved questions. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 2018;89(1):11–21. doi: 10.1111/cen.13723. – DOI – PubMed
Barbosa-Desongles A, Hernández C, Simó R, Selva DM. Testosterone induces cell proliferation and cell cycle gene overexpression in human visceral preadipocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2013;305(3):C355–C359. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00019.2013. – DOI – PubMed
W. Xu, J. Morford, F. Mauvais-Jarvis, Emerging role of testosterone in pancreatic β-cell function and insulin secretion. J. Endocrinol. 2019 Jan. pii: JOE-18-0573.R1. 10.1530/JOE-18-0573 – PMC – PubMed
Patel DK, Stanford FC. Safety and tolerability of new-generation anti-obesity medications: a narrative review. Postgrad. Med. 2018;130(2):173–182. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1435129. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Arterburn DE, Telem DA, Kushner RF, Courcoulas AP. Benefits and risks of bariatric surgery in adults: a review. JAMA. 2020;324(9):879–887. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12567. – DOI – PubMed
Corona G, Rastrelli G, Monami M, et al. Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2013;168(6):829–843. doi: 10.1530/EJE-12-0955. – DOI – PubMed
Jørgensen NB, Jacobsen SH, Dirksen C, et al. Acute and long-term effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on glucose metabolism in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and normal glucose tolerance. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012;303(1):E122–E131. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00073.2012. – DOI – PubMed
Wilder RM. The effects of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy. Mayo. Clin. Proc. 1921;2:307–308.
Caprio M, Infante M, Moriconi E, Armani A, Fabbri A, Mantovani G, Mariani S, Lubrano C, Poggiogalle E, Migliaccio S, Donini LM, Basciani S, Cignarelli A, Conte E, Ceccarini G, Bogazzi F, Cimino L, Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, Calogero AE, Gambineri A, Vignozzi L, Prodam F, Aimaretti G, Linsalata G, Buralli S, Monzani F, Aversa A, Vettor R, Santini F, Vitti P, Gnessi L, Pagotto U, Giorgino F, Colao A, Lenzi A. Cardiovascular Endocrinology Club of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in the management of metabolic diseases: systematic review and consensus statement from the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE) J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2019;42(11):1365–1386. doi: 10.1007/s40618-019-01061-2. – DOI – PubMed
Blackburn GL, Flatt JP, Clowes GH, O’ Donnell TF, Hensle TE. Protein sparing therapy during periods of starvation with sepsis of trauma. Ann. Surg. 1973;177(5):588–597. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197305000-00012. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Nagy R. Dr. Atkins’ diet revolution: a review. Va Med. Mon. 1974;101(5):383–385. – PubMed
Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL, Flatt JP, Sizer J, Scrimshaw NS, Sherman M. Nitrogen metabolism and insulin requirements in obese diabetic adults on a protein-sparing modified fast. Diabetes. 1976;25(6):494–504. doi: 10.2337/diab.25.6.494. – DOI – PubMed
Bistrian BR. Clinical use of a protein-sparing modified fast. JAMA. 1978;240(21):2299–2302. doi: 10.1001/jama.1978.03290210081040. – DOI – PubMed
Palgi A, Read JL, Greenberg I, Hoefer MA, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL. Multidisciplinary treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast: results in 688 outpatients. Am. J. Public Health. 1985;75(10):1190–1194. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.75.10.1190. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Walters JK, Hoogwerf BJ, Reddy SS. The protein-sparing modified fast for obesity-related medical problems. Cleve Clin. J. Med. 1997;64(5):242–244. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.64.5.242. – DOI – PubMed
Bueno NB, de Melo IS, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide T. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. J. Nutr. 2013;110(7):1178–1187. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513000548. – DOI – PubMed
Castellana M, Conte E, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giustina A, Giovanella L, Giorgino F, Trimboli P. Efficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2020;21(1):5–16. doi: 10.1007/s11154-019-09514-y. – DOI – PubMed
Pfützner A, Kunt T, Hohberg C, Mondok A, Pahler S, Konrad T, Lübben G, Forst T. Fasting intact proinsulin is a highly specific predictor of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(3):682–687. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.3.682. – DOI – PubMed
von Berghes C, Brabant G, Biebermann H, Krude H, Wiegand S. Proinsulin and the proinsulin/insulin ratio in overweight and obese children and adolescents: relation to clinical parameters, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose regulation. Pediatr. Diabetes. 2011;12(3 Pt 2):242–249. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00734.x. – DOI – PubMed
El Shabrawy AM, Elbana KA, Abdelsalam NM. Proinsulin/insulin ratio as a predictor of insulin resistance and B-cell dysfunction in obese Egyptians (insulin resistance & B-cell dysfunction in obese Egyptians) Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2019;13(3):2094–2096. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.04.044. – DOI – PubMed
El-Messallamy FAF, El-Ashmawy HM, El Shabrawy AM, Radwan SE. Proinsulin/insulin ratio as a predictor of insulin resistance in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2019;13(3):2057–2060. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.04.036. – DOI – PubMed
von Berghes C, Brabant G, Biebermann H, Krude H, Wiegand S. Proinsulin and the proinsulin/insulin ratio in overweight and obese children and adolescents: relation to clinical parameters, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose regulation. Pediatr. Diabetes. 2011;12(3 Pt 2):242–249. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00734.x. – DOI – PubMed
Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Hodis HN, Matsumoto AM, Snyder PJ, Swerdloff RS, Wu FC, Yialamas MA. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018;103(5):1715–44.. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-00229. – DOI – PubMed
Engin A. The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017;960:1–17. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_1. – DOI – PubMed
Nijpels G, Popp-Snijders C, Kostense PJ, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Fasting proinsulin and 2-h post-load glucose levels predict the conversion to NIDDM in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia. 1996;39(1):113–118. doi: 10.1007/BF00400421. – DOI – PubMed
Galloway JA, Hooper SA, Spradlin CT, Howey DC, Frank BH, Bowsher RR, Anderson JH. Biosynthetic human proinsulin. Review of chemistry, in vitro and in vivo receptor binding, animal and human pharmacology studies, and clinical trial experience. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(5):666–692. doi: 10.2337/diacare.15.5.666. – DOI – PubMed
Katz RJ, Ratner RE, Cohen RM, Eisenhower E, Verme D. Are insulin and proinsulin independent risk markers for premature coronary artery disease? Diabetes. 1996;45(6):736–741. doi: 10.2337/diab.45.6.736. – DOI – PubMed
Båvenholm P, Proudler A, Tornvall P, Godsland I, Landou C, de Faire U, Hamsten A. Insulin, intact and split proinsulin, and coronary artery disease in young men. Circulation. 1995;92(6):1422–1429. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.6.1422. – DOI – PubMed
Yudkin JS, Denver AE, Mohamed-Ali V, Ramaiya KL, Nagi DK, Goubet S, McLarty DG, Swai A. The relationship of concentrations of insulin and proinsulin-like molecules with coronary heart disease prevalence and incidence. A study of two ethnic groups. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(7):1093–1100. doi: 10.2337/diacare.20.7.1093. – DOI – PubMed
Pfützner A, Pfützner AH, Larbig M, Forst T. Role of intact proinsulin in diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2004;6(3):405–412. doi: 10.1089/152091504774198124. – DOI – PubMed
Pfützner A, Kann PH, Pfützner AH, Kunt T, Larbig M, Weber MM, Forst T. Intact and total proinsulin: new aspects for diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Clin. Lab. 2004;50(9-10):567–573. – PubMed
Zethelius B, Byberg L, Hales CN, Lithell H, Berne C. Proinsulin and acute insulin response independently predict Type 2 diabetes mellitus in men-report from 27 years of follow-up study. Diabetologia. 2003;46(1):20–26. doi: 10.1007/s00125-002-0995-2. – DOI – PubMed
Bolinder J, Fernlund P, Borg H, Arnqvist HJ, Björk E, Blohmé G, Eriksson JW, Nyström L, Ostman J, Sundkvist G. Hyperproinsulinemia segregates young adult patients with newly diagnosed autoimmune (type 1) and non-autoimmune (type 2) diabetes. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 2005;65(7):585–594. doi: 10.1080/00365510500261869. – DOI – PubMed
Vangipurapu J, Stančáková A, Kuulasmaa T, Kuusisto J, Laakso M. Both fasting and glucose-stimulated proinsulin levels predict hyperglycemia and incident type 2 diabetes: a population-based study of 9,396 Finnish men. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0124028. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124028. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Ohkura T, Inoue K, Fujioka Y, Nakanishi R, Shiochi H, Sumi K, Yamamoto N, Matsuzawa K, Izawa S, Ohkura H, Kato M, Yamamoto K, Taniguchi S. The proinsulin/insulin (PI/I) ratio is reduced by postprandial targeting therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a small-scale clinical study. BMC Res. Notes. 2013;6:453. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-453. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Capstick F, Brooks BA, Burns CM, Zilkens RR, Steinbeck KS, Yue DK. Very low calorie diet (VLCD): a useful alternative in the treatment of the obese NIDDM patient. Diabetes Res Clin. Pr. 1997;36(2):105–111. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8227(97)00038-7. – DOI – PubMed
Rothberg AE, McEwen LN, Kraftson AT, Fowler CE, Herman WH. Very-low-energy diet for type 2 diabetes: an underutilized therapy? J. Diabetes Complic. 2014;28(4):506–510. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.03.014. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Al-Mrabeh A, Avery L, Aribisala B, Caslake M, Taylor R. Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological changes in responders and nonresponders. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(5):808–815. doi: 10.2337/dc15-1942. – DOI – PubMed
Goday A, Bellido D, Sajoux I, Crujeiras AB, Burguera B, García-Luna PP, Oleaga A, Moreno B, Casanueva FF. Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr. Diabetes. 2016;6(9):e230. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2016.36. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Partsalaki I, Karvela A, Spiliotis BE. Metabolic impact of a ketogenic diet compared to a hypocaloric diet in obese children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012;25(7-8):697–704. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0131. – DOI – PubMed
Gu Y, Yu H, Li Y, Ma X, Lu J, Yu W, Xiao Y, Bao Y, Jia W. Beneficial effects of an 8-week, very low carbohydrate diet intervention on obese subjects. Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 2013;2013:760804. doi: 10.1155/2013/760804.. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Svendsen PF, Jensen FK, Holst JJ, Haugaard SB, Nilas L, Madsbad S. The effect of a very low calorie diet on insulin sensitivity, beta cell function, insulin clearance, incretin hormone secretion, androgen levels and body composition in obese young women. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 2012;72(5):410–419. doi: 10.3109/00365513.2012.691542. – DOI – PubMed
I. P. Doulamis, A. Tzani, P. Konstantopoulos, A. Daskalopoulou, T. Spinos, E. Bletsa, D. Mitsopoulou, M. Spinou, M. E. Brinia, K. Palaiopanos, L. M. Korou, D. N. Perrea, N. L. Katsilambros, Experimental hypogonadism: insulin resistance, biochemical changes and effect of testosterone substitution. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2019; 30(3). 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0118 – PubMed
Kelly DM, Jones TH. Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease. J. Endocrinol. 2013;217(3):R25–R45. doi: 10.1530/JOE-12-0455. – DOI – PubMed
van Hulsteijn LT, Pasquali R, Casanueva F, Haluzik Ledoux S, Monteiro MP, Salvador J, Santini F, Toplak H, Dekkers OM. Prevalence of endocrine disorders in obese patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2020;182(1):11–21. doi: 10.1530/EJE-19-0666. – DOI – PubMed
Corona G, Rastrelli G, Di Pasquale G, Sforza A, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Endogenous testosterone levels and cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of observational studies. J. Sex. Med. 2018;15(9):1260–1271. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.06.012. – DOI – PubMed
Kaukua J, Pekkarinen T, Sane T, Mustajoki P. Sex hormones and sexual function in obese men losing weight. Obes. Res. 2003;11(6):689–694. doi: 10.1038/oby.2003.98. – DOI – PubMed
Niskanen L, Laaksonen DE, Punnonen K, Mustajoki P, Kaukua J, Rissanen A. Changes in sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone during weight loss and weight maintenance in abdominally obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2004;6(3):208–215. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00335.x. – DOI – PubMed
Ng Tang Fui M, Prendergast LA, Dupuis P, Raval M, Strauss BJ, Zajac JD, Grossmann M. Effects of testosterone treatment on body fat and lean mass in obese men on a hypocaloric diet: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Med. 2016;14(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0700-9. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Giagulli VA, Castellana M, Carbone MD, et al. Weight loss more than glycemic control may improve testosterone in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus men with hypogonadism. Andrology. 2020;8(3):654–662. doi: 10.1111/andr.12754. – DOI – PubMed
Pelusi C, Giagulli VA, Baccini M, et al. Clomiphene citrate effect in obese men with low serum testosterone treated with metformin due to dysmetabolic disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(9):e0183369. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183369. – DOI – PMC – PubMed
Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Mongioì LM, Barbagallo F, Calogero AE, La, Vignera S. Effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulators for the treatment of male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2019;20(12):1517–1525. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1615057. – DOI – PubMed
No comment yet, add your voice below!